1. Why do living organisms respire?
• Need __________ to move, excrete, grow, reproduce and maintain themselves.
• Food contains ___________________ energy.
• Respiration is the ____________________ of this energy when food (glucose) is broken down in living cell.
2. Respiration is the _____________________ of food substances with the release of _______________________ in living cells.
3. Define Aerobic respiration: The oxidation of food substances in the presence of ______________________with the release of a large amount of energy. ____________________________ and water are released as waste products.
4. What is the energy used for?
- _______________ division and growth
- Synthesis of _____________________, fats and vitamins
- Transmission of nerve ________________________
- Maintenance of a constant ______________________ temperature
- _______________________ transport in the absorption of food substances by the small intestine
- _____________________contractions e.g. heartbeat & respiratory movements.
5. Anaerobic respiration: It is the breakdown of glucose in the________________ of oxygen to release energy.
• Can take place in yeast as well as the muscles
| Yeast | Muscles |
| • Respires anaerobically when oxygen is absent. • Little energy is released. • Yeast cannot be very active under such situations. E.g. Alcoholic fermentation Equation: | • Muscle cells normally respire aerobically. • Carry out anaerobic respiration when there is a shortage of oxygen. Equation in words: C6H12O6 ---- 2CH3CH(OH)COOH + 150 kJ |
6. Differences:
| Aerobic Respiration | Anaerobic Respiration |
| • Uses ____________________ • No alcohol or __________ acid made • _________amount of energy released • ________________always released | • Do not use oxygen • Alcohol or lactic acid made • Small amount of energy released • CO2 sometimes released |
7. What happens during vigorous exercise?
· During vigorous muscular contraction , muscles first use ___________________ to respire. (aerobic)
· __________________________ occurs to remove carbon dioxide and take in more oxygen.
• Heart beats _____________so that more oxygen can be brought to the muscles.
• There is a LIMIT to the rate of breathing and heartbeat. They CANNOT keep on increasing.
• To continue vigorous exercise, more energy needs to be released.
• Muscle cells carry out _________________________________ respiration.
• __________________acid is produced.
• Lactic acid slowly builds up in the __________________________.
• Muscle has an “OXYGEN _______________________”.
• Lactic acid cause ____________________________
• Body needs to rest & recover
• Muscular pain is due to the lactic acid.
• Lactic acid slowly builds up in the muscles.
• Muscle has an “OXYGEN DEBT”.
What happens during RESTING?
• Lactic acid is removed from the muscles and transported to the liver.
• Some of the lactic acid is oxidized to ___________________________.
• Converts remaining lactic acid into glucose
- To find out whether carbon dioxide is given off during respiration
- To find out if carbon dioxide is given off during fermentation
- To find out if heat is released during respiration
9. Gaseous exchange
• Process of the transfer of oxygen from the air to the cells and the transfer of carbon dioxide and water from the cells back to the surroundings.
• Air enters through two external nostrils (nares)
• Nasal passages lined with ______________and moist mucous membrane
• Trap dust & foreign particles, including _________________________.
• Air is warmed and moistened;
• Detect harmful chemicals (by sensory cells).
• lies in front of esophagus
• supported by C-shaped rings of _______________________(which ensure it is always kept opened)
• Epithelium has gland cells to secrete mucus which traps dust particles
• bears ________________to sweep dust particles upwards into pharynx
The Lungs
• Each lung lies in the pleural cavity.
• The pleural cavity is lined by 2 transparent pleural ______________________
• Inner pleuron covers the lungs
• Outer pleuron in contact with thoracic wall and diaphragm
• The pleural fluid helps to reduce friction on the lungs when they rub against the rib cage during inspiration.
• The lower end of the trachea divides into 2 bronchi (singular: bronchus), one to each lung.
• Within the lungs, the bronchial tubes divide into smaller tubes – the bronchioles (*NO cartilage).
• Each bronchiole ends with many air sacs called _______________________
• lower end of the trachea divides into 2 bronchi (singular: bronchus), one to each lung.
• Within the lungs, the bronchial tubes divide into smaller tubes – the bronchioles (*NO cartilage).
• Each bronchiole ends with many air sacs called alveoli.
• Alveoli provide a large ________________________area
• The wall of alveolus is very thin. Only_____________ cell thick. Allows easy diffusion of O2 & CO2.
• A thin film of moisture covers the surface of the alveolus. O2 dissolves in this liquid before diffusing across the wall of the alveolus.
• The walls of the alveoli are richly supplied with blood capillaries. The flow of blood maintains the concentration gradient of gases
•
12. The Chest cavity
• Chest wall is supported by ribs
• Two sets of intercostal muscles (internal and external) control the movement of the ribs
• The diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen
• The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract and relax, causing the volume of thoracic cavity to change
13. Mechanism of Breathing
| Inhalation | Exhalation |
| Your diaphragm ______________ and flattens | Your diaphragm________________ and arches upwards. |
| Your external intercostal muscles _______________while your internal intercostal muscles relax. | Your internal intercostal muscles contract while your external intercostal muscles _____________________. |
| Your ribs move ________________and outwards. Your sternum also moves up and forward. | Your ribs move________________ and inwards. Your sternum also moves down to its original position. |
| The volume of your thoracic cavity ___________________ | The volume of your thoracic cavity _______________________. |
| Air pressure in your lungs causes them to. expand to fill up the enlarged space in your thorax. Expansion of your lungs causes the air pressure inside them to_____________________. | Your lungs are compressed and air pressure inside them __________________as the volume decreases. |
| Atmospheric pressure is now ____________________than the pressure within your lungs. This causes air to rush into your lungs. | Air pressure within the lungs is now higher than atmospheric pressure. The air is _____________________out of your lungs to the exterior. |
RICE ERIC
• Oxygen dissolves in the moisture lining and ____________________into the blood capillaries.
• Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form _______________________________.
• Tissue cells produce carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood and enters red blood cells.
• Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid catalysed by carbonic_________________________.
• Carbonic acid converted into ________________________ions which diffuse out of the red blood cells into the plasma.
• Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse back into the red blood cells
• Converted into carbonic acid and then into water and carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood capillaries into the alveoli and out of the lungs
15. Effects of Tobacco Smoke on Human Health
| Chemicals in tobacco smoke | Effects on the body |
| Nicotine | Addictive drug Heart disease • Nicotine stimulates release of _________________ • Increases blood pressure and heart rate • Increases chance of blood____________ and plaque deposit on the walls of coronary arteries • Heart attacks and death |
| | • Reduces the efficiency of oxygen transport in red blood cells • Increases rate of deposition of fatty substances in arteries and damages the lining of blood vessels |
| Tar | Lung cancer • Carcinogenic compound, benzopyrene causes cancer cells to be produced • Blockage of air sacs and reduction in gas exchange efficiency • Shortness of breath • Coughing up of mucus and blood
|
| Irritants | Bronchitis • Paralyses cilia lining of air passages • Dust and harmful chemicals are able to move past the bronchi and invade the alveoli • Air passages become irritated and clogged with mucus and dust • Lots of phlegm and coughing Emphysema • Violent coughing breaks partition walls between air sacs • Alveolar sacs may become less elastic • ________________surface area for gaseous exchange • Lungs become inflated with air • Difficulty in breathing, wheezing |
Smoking during Pregnancy
• Mother’s blood contains carbon monoxide and ____________________
• Restricts blood vessels reducing amount of nutrients and ___________to baby
• ________________ birth weight of baby
• Prone to illness
• Increase potential for birth defects and abnormalities
• Increased chances of a miscarriage
• Increased chances of a premature birth
• Has a greater risk of baby being born dead
1 comments:
A Level Biology's Respiration is much more complicated than this.... Sigh...
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